1
2
  -2023
.. 
 
(C    )
: 3     : 75
:             
-
1.   ?            ? 
             
2.    
  ?      
 
-
3.          ?
4.(a)   -     
()   ? C  -      
2
2
-
5.(a) if-else             
?
()       
6.                  
   
-
7.       -       
?
8. (a)             
()  
      ?       
?
3
2
  -2023
..  
 
(C    )
: 3     : 75
:             
-
1.   ?            ? 
             
:   ?
     ,  -        
          -    
        (      
 )
       ,     ,     

  
         
  
 ,  
 
   ,     ,  ,     
  ,  ,  C        
   , --       
       
 ?
            
 :
1.   - 
       ,   
           

 
4
2
2.  -     ,      
       ,      
    
3. - -       
,    
   ,           
4.     -  , -  - 
              
       
5.   - 
       ,  
            
   ?
 
           :
              
    (--)
  -     START, INPUT, PROCESS, OUTPUT,
END     
           
,        --     
:      
    :
1.       
2. 
       
3.    , 
 3   
4.  , 
   
        

"   " 
  1,  2,  3
  1 +  2 +  3
  / 3
5
2
" = ",  
DISPLAY " = ", 

  -- 
1.   -    
 
2.  "   "           
3.   1,  2,  3 -      ,    
1,  2,   3     
4. sum ← num1 + num2 + num3 –    sum      

5.   / 3     3        
   
6. "Sum = ", sum -   '   
7. " = ",  -   '   
8. END -     
 
 
      :
 1 = 10
 2 = 20
 3 = 30
,    :
 = 10 + 20 + 30 = 60
 = 60 / 3 = 20
  :
 = 60
 = 20
   - 
   
          
    , 
   :
6
2
1.    
2.       
3.      
4.       
5.      
         -       
 ,      
 
 C   
         ,   C    
   
C        :
#  <stdio.h>
 () {
  1,  2,  3, , ;
printf("   :");
 ("%f %f %f", &  1, &  2, &  3);
 =  1 +  2 +  3;
 =  / 3;
(" = %.2\n", );
printf(" = %.2f\n", );
 0;
}

              
    ,           
7
2
, 
  
   
       C 
          
2.    
  ?      
 
:    -
 ,           
            ,   
            ,   
   
 ,    ,        
 
   
         ,   
 ,    ,        
    ,  ,        
       
    
        ,     

         :
1.  
              
   ,        ,   
      
:              
        :
:    
:  
: =  × 
  , 
          , 
   ,      
8
2
2. ,      
   
   ,      :
:   
:    
:      
 
:     :
:-   
:  , ,  
: ,    ,     '  

3.     
       ,    ,   
         --     
 
:           '  :
1.     
2.          
3.         
4.     
  , 
    '   ,       
 
4.       
              
             
 
:    :
       
 
             
      , 
       
5.       
9
2
   ,             
             
:          :
   2  -1      
               , 
    
               
6.     
 C    ,       
:          
 
:              
:  -   :
 
 
  % 2 == 0 ,  "Even"  

, "Odd"  

           
 
7.    
  ,             
:   (  ):
:C → : 32°F
:100°C → : 212°F
           

              -
   
    ,      ,
     ,  '  ,    ,     
 ,   C            
10
2
        ,       
       
-
3.          ?
: ,   C  ,       
                ,  
      ,      '    
           ,      
,    ,          
1. -  
                 
               
     ,    '  --  --
  ,          

C     :
 ():      ()      
 
():    ()       
 
fgetc():         
():         
  ():         (,   
)      
  

     ?
getchar()  putchar():
o  ()          ,
            
o () '     ,     
            '  
      '      
11
2
  ()  fgets():
o gets()       ()       
  (
 ) 

      
      

o  , fgets()         ,   
          ,  
 
   '  
   :
:              
          
: 
       
,    
    
   :
 :    '   
      ,
   -       
  :
, ,          
 ,             
2.   
  ,        ,      
                
       ,       
   
C      :
():     '        
               (
,   ,      , )
():            
               
     (   , - , )
      ?
():printf()            
                
12
2
      -        (%d),
-  (%f),  (%s),        
 :
  = 25;
printf("  %d\n ", );
, %d              
    
():scanf()           
             , 
        ,  
%d   
 ,   
 -     ,  
%f 
 
:
 ;
printf("   :");
 ("%d", & );
printf("
 : %d", );
    :
  :
       
,  ,    ,  ,   

 : 
           
  ( ,  , , - )
: 
     ,   -  
          
    :
:   ,    printf()  scanf() 
      ,    -    
      
-:         ,   
      
13
2
3.         
 -    '       
   :

  
   
 

   ( ,  ,
 )   
  
      '
  
( 
)
 
      ( ,
 , )     
    -


      
  ,  , scanf(), printf()
  / 
  ,  , getchar(),
putchar()

    

  ,  
  
  
  ,   
       
     
   , 
    
 
4. - :
-  :      '    
 
   ,   
        
   
,          

  :           
,     ,         
( ,    //     )  
       
    -   

5. 
 ,       -     
           '    
   ,           
   ,       
   
14
2
                
        
4.(a)   -     
: C  ,          '  
    - (      )   
       -        
 
       ,   
    
     
   ?
    
          
  -             
         '  
  ,  
 
   
    , 5 + 3 * 2  ,  (*)
   (+)    ,       
C    
     ,    C   -   
'  :
1.  :        , , ,

o + ()
o - ()
o * ()
o / ()
o % (,    )
2.  :             
o == ( )
o != (  
)
o > (  )
15
2
o < (  )
o >= (    )
o <= (    )
3.  :         
o && ( AND)
o || ( OR)
o ! ( 
)
4.  :         
  
o = ( )
o +=, -=, *=, /=, %= (
 )
5.  :   -     
o & ( )
o | ( OR)
o ^ ( XOR)
o ~ ( 
)
o << ( )
o >> ( )
6.    :        1 
      
o ++ ()
o -- ()
7.  () : if-else        
o ? : ( )
8.  :
o sizeof (       )
o , ( ,         )
16
2
  -
C              
             ,  
 (      )           
  
   (   )
 C    - ,           :
1.  ():
o            ,   
       '      
 
o :  (2 + 3) * 4 ,      
  
   
2.  :
o      '       
    :
++ ()
-- ()
+ ( )
- ( )
! ( 
)
~ ( 
)
 
o :++a * b  , ++a ( a)   
3.   *, /, %:
o           , ,  
  
o : 5 + 3 * 2  ,  3 * 2     ,  
5    ,   5 + 6 = 11  
17
2
4.   +, -:
o             
  
o : 5 - 2 + 3  ,     ,   3 
  ,   3 + 3 = 6  
5.   >, <, >=, <=:
o             
  
o :5 > 3 + 2  ,     ,    5 > 5
    
6.   ==, !=:
o            
  
    
o : 5 == 5 ,          

   
7.  AND &&   OR ||:
o     '      
       
o :5 > 3 && 2 < 4  ,     
,   AND     
8.  ()  ?::
o              
           
 
o :x = (y > 10) ? 20 : 30  ,  y 10   ,  x 20
  ; 
,  30   
9.   =, +=, -=, *=, :
o             
       
o : x = 5 + 3 * 2  ,  3 * 2    ,  
x   
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
               , 
               
-- :C   ,   , , 
   , --     ,   
        , a - b + c  ,  a - b 
    ,    
-- :  (=, +=, -=, )   
 (?:) --          a = b = c
  ,  b = c      ,    a =
b

          :
: x = 5 + 3 * 2 - 8 / 4
1.    :
o 3 * 2   6  
o  8/4 2  
 ,  x = 5 + 6 - 2   
2.   :
o 5 + 6   11  
o  11 - 2  9  
3.  , x = 9,    9 

   C           
    , 
          
    ,   
   
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2
()   ? C  -      
:       ?
  ,      
      
                
      ,    ,   ,  
        
      -  '      :
   ( )
     ()
      ( )
          :  , 
,        
1.  
            ,   
               
   
     
     


   :
 :C ,     (;)     
o :
int a = 5 //  :  -
      :    (  { 
    )   }
o :
 (x > 0 { //  :      
printf("");
}
   : C       int, if, while,  
      
 
20
2
o :
int int = 10; //  : 'int'    
  : C ,           

     ,         
o :
printf(", ); //  :       
   :
C          ,   
     
C           
2.  
           
 
 ,           
         ,       
 
   :
  : ,     
 C ,   
    
o :
 = 10,  = 0;
printf("%d", a / b); //  :   
    ( ):       
          
,    
            
o :
 [5];
printf("%d", arr[10]); //  :    
   :     -  
     
21
2
o :
 * = ;
printf("%d", *ptr); //  :     
   :
 :    , 
     ,
    gdb (GNU )        
 :       ( ,    ,
       )
3.  
          
      ,
                  '
         ,       
  

   :
   :          
  
o :
 = 5,  = 10;
 (a > b) {
printf("a b   "); //  : a b   

}
   :      ,      
 
o :
 = 5,  = 10;
a = b; // a    '      ,  b 
printf("%d", a); //  :    

      :       
  ,             
   
22
2
o :
 i = 0;
  (i != 10) { //  :  

f("%d\n", i);
++;
}
   :
  :          
 
    :         
,    
 :           
 
4.   (       )
      (, , )   
, 
     
       
   
,         
   :
   : 
        
     ,     
o :
void myFunction(); //        

 () {
 ();
 0;
}
    :  
 ,   printf()   
       ,    

23
2
   :
            
   

C  ,              
       -  ,  ,  
 -     -      
             ,
        
     
          
    
,      
-
5.(a) if-else             
?
: -           
 ,    '      ,      
     -           
   -           -   
     -           
        
    ?
 ,       ,  if-else    
        :
 ?      :     ;
,           ,  __
  ;    ,  __   
 , C :
 x = 10, y = 5;
  = (x > y) ? x : y;
  ,  x y   ,     x , 
  y 
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2
-   ?
 if-else           
                
        :
 () {
//        
}  {
//        
}
 :
 x = 10, y = 5;
 ;
 (x > y) {
 = x;
}  {
 = y;
}
     
1.   :
           if-else   
       , 
     
           ,    
   
:
  = (a > b) ? a : b;
-   :
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2
    '        
  
           
2.     :
            (  
  ),          

        ,       
      
3.     
:
if-else   ,   -     {}
 
        '  
 
4. -:
    ,  
      
'           , 
  
           
:
printf("   : %d", (a > b) ? a : b);
5.    :   ,       
      
,     
    
     
1.     :      
    ,     
      
            
         
:
  = (x > y) ? (x < z ? x : z) : (y < z ? y : z);
    if-else        ,     
  
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2.    :
              
 '      
  , if-else  
     ,         
    
3.     :
  ,        
       ,        
           ,     
   
 (  ):
 = (a > b) ? ((x > y) ? x : y) : ((p > q) ? p : q);
           -    
 
4.      
:
             
    '     ,    if-else 
     if-else  , 
     
       
5.       
:
    ' 
      
            
    ,  if-else      
If-Else      
1.    :
            '    
   ,  if-else       
  
       
2.      :
if-else             
 ,        '     
        
 
3.    :
           ,  if-else 
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   
          

:
,        ,     
  
4.   :
      ,  if-else        

 
             
     ,         

5.     :
if-else  else if             
     '       
If-Else     
1.    :
  , if-else          
     ,           
:
 (x > y) {
 = x;
}  {
 = y;
}
         
2.    :
 if-else    '        
28
2
         ,      
  ,        '   
3.      :
if-else   ,
       
  
            

   -         
 ,                
      , -      
,  ,          
     
 ,         '      ,
      ,         
   ,  -        
()       
: C  ,            

               
             
       
1.  
C                  
        ,       
    :
    char array_name[size];       , 
     
       
         '   ,   
 0     
     '   
 
   
  
( ) 

29
2
:
char name[5] = {'A', 'l', 'i', 'c', 'e'};
  ,   5              
,              
 :
          
      
 ,    C       
  
    ('\0') 

            ,   
     ('\0')     
2. 
C ,                  
  ('\0')         
      
    ,             
    
   :
C               ,   "Hello"
  ,               
     
 
            
   C     
:
  [] = "";
  , "Hello"    '          , 
      '\0' 
          
 :
{'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\0'}
 :
  -  ,      '\0'  
C     printf, scanf,  strlen,       
      
 
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3.         
  
   ,           
1. :
             
 
 ('\0') 
            ('\0')     
                 
  
2. :
               


       ('\0')       
 ,   
       
3. :
                
  :
 [4] = {'A', 'l', 'i', 'c'};
  ,     

 
    

          ,     
   :
 [] = "";
,         '\0'  
4. :
              
  
           
C       null      , 
 
    strlen()       ,  null 
      
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5. :
      
       '
    ,      
   (
 '   )
C          
    
strcpy(), strcat(),  strlen()       
     :
#  <stdio.h>
#  <string.h>
 () {
char str1[] = ""; //  
char str2[] = "";
strcat(str1, str2); //  
printf("%s\n", str1); // : 
printf("str1  : %lu\n", strlen(str1)); // : 10
 0;
}
  , strcat()         ,  strlen()  
     
6.    :
          ,  C    
 '        
    

 
   ' C        
  
        printf(), scanf(),  strlen()  
     ,          
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4.       :
               
  
       ,          
 
     
 ,           '         
   
          ,     
      
  ( )    
 
:
 ,        C       , 
,               -
  ,                
  C              
   
6.                  
   
:  ,  ,            

  -
              ,
 2x3        2   3     
        '   ,    , 
,     -     
  , 
        :
1.    
2.    
3.      
  
    '   3x3  '  :
:
1 2 3
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2
4 5 6
7 8 9
  :
   3 
   3 

 :
   
   
    
   
   ,   -- 
1.   :
    (    )
   , 
       
2.       :   , 
   

3.       :  ,   , 
  
   
4.        :        

      C  :
#  <stdio.h>
 () {
 , ;
//     (    )    
printf("    :");
 ("%d",  );
printf("    :");
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2
 ("%d", &);
//    x      
 [][];
//       
printf("    :\n");
 (int i = 0; i < ; i++) {
 ( j = 0; j < ; j++) {
printf(" '  (%d, %d): ", i + 1, j + 1);
 ("%d", & [i][j]);
}
}
// ,        
int rowSum, colSum, totalSum = 0;
//       
printf("\n   :\n");
 (int i = 0; i < ; i++) {
 = 0;
 ( j = 0; j < ; j++) {
 += [i][j];
}
printf(" %d  : %d\n", i + 1,  );
}
//       
35
2
printf("\n   :\n");
 ( j = 0; j < ; j++) {
 = 0;
 (int i = 0; i < ; i++) {
 += [i][j];
}
printf(" %d  : %d\n", j + 1, );
}
//          
 (int i = 0; i < ; i++) {
 ( j = 0; j < ; j++) {
  += [i][j];
}
}
//         
printf("\n    : %d\n",  );
 0;
}
  
  -- :
1.    :          
              
printf("    :");
 ("%d",  );
printf("    :");
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2
 ("%d", &);
2.    :
         ,  
  
              ,
          
 (int i = 0; i < ; i++) {
 ( j = 0; j < ; j++) {
printf(" '  (%d, %d): ", i + 1, j + 1);
 ("%d", & [i][j]);
}
}
3.     :
    , 
         
 rowSum               

  ,       
 (int i = 0; i < ; i++) {
 = 0;
 ( j = 0; j < ; j++) {
 += [i][j];
}
printf(" %d  : %d\n", i + 1,  );
}
4.     :
           , 
   
          
 ( j = 0; j < ; j++) {
 = 0;
 (int i = 0; i < ; i++) {
 += [i][j];
}
37
2
printf(" %d  : %d\n", j + 1, );
}
5.     :
         , 
     
       totalSum     
 (int i = 0; i < ; i++) {
 ( j = 0; j < ; j++) {
  += [i][j];
}
}
printf("\n    : %d\n",  );
 
     '  :
    : 3
    : 3
    :
 (1, 1) ' : 1
 (1, 2) ' : 2
 (1, 3) ' : 3
 (2, 1) ' : 4
 (2, 2) ' : 5
 (2, 3) ' : 6
 (3, 1) ' : 7
 (3, 2) ' : 8
 (3, 3) ' : 9
:
   :
 1  : 6
38
2
 2  : 15
 3  : 24
   :
 1  : 12
 2  : 15
 3  : 18
    : 45

     ,            
            
/            , 
               
              
   
-
7.       -       
?
: C  ,               
          ,     
          , 
    
 ,      ,       
       , 
C      
  -           
1.   ?
C                 , 
     ,         ,      
   C      ,      ,  
         ,    
39
2
                , 
     -         
2. C     
  ,        :
  :           
   
 ,     
 :    
       
       
 ():  
     
               
          
,   
 

:                

       :
#  <stdio.h>
//  
   ( ,  );
 () {
  =   (3, 5);
printf(" : %d", );
 0;
}
//  
   ( ,  ) {
a + b  ;
}
40
2
  , addNumbers     (a  b)     
        addNumbers      
    ,     
3. C          
C               
         ,   
A.   ()
  ,       ,   ,  , 
       
      
   ,             
      :
_ _(_);
:
  (, );
      addNumbers     ,   int  
   int         '        
        
B.  
                ,
 ,  ,           
:
   ( ,  ) {
a + b  ;
}
  , addNumbers     a  b       
C.  
                
    ,     '   ,   
  ,     '         
:
  =   (3, 5);
41
2
  ,  addNumbers  3  5    ,  
      
4. C    
C ,             '    
    
:
A.    
         -      
    (  )    ,      
     
:
   ( x,  y) {
 x * y;
}
   -         
B.     
      
  void        
        

:
  () {
printf(", !\n");
}
           

5. C      
C          :
A.   
                
       -  '     ,  
  -           
  
    
 
42
2
 ,            ,  
 
     , addNumbers      
B. 
  , -    , 
    
 
         ,  
     
 '             
 , -        ,   , ,
        
C.  -
  ,               , 
            
      
 
 ,  
           , 
             addNumbers 
  
D.   
              
  ,             ,    
           ,      
     
 
E.  

       ,         
 
 ,  
           
'         

 ,  C           , 
   ,      ,    ,
  -           
    :  (),    
   ,
        ,     
       
43
2
8. (a)             
()  
      ?       
?
:   :   
 ,   -           
 -            ( )   
 
     ,           
                 
 
    ?
     ,             
    ( )             ,
      ,            
             ,     
            
 
    
        
   
                
    ,  
       '   , 
               
   :
     
          
   '    ,         
 ,     ,        ,       
    '   

C        ?
    C       
   '  :
#  <stdio.h>
  ( ) {
44
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num = num + 10; //     10 
printf(" : %d\n", ); //     
}
 () {
int a = 5; //  
printf("   : %d\n", a); //     
addTen(a); //   'a'  
printf("   : %d\n", a); //     
 0;
}
  ,   :
  addTen()       
  , 
   10    

 a (   5  )     
        :
1. a    5 ,          
2. 
 addTen(a)  ,   5 (a  )    num  
  
3.   , 
num 10    ,   num 15   
4. ,        ,       ,  
  a
5.       , 
a      ,   5
 
    
1.    
:         
              

2.        :   ,       
   ,     
 ,      

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2
3.       :      '   
   , - ,        , 
 
      
    
1. :    
         , 
         

2. :
    
,       

                
     
        
3.    
:       ,      
            
 

       
    
1.     :  
         
        ,       
  
                ,
     
2.    
 :         
,      
      ,   
,
         
:   
 
    ,           
 ,      , 
   ( )     ,
              ,   


 ,                 
         
,       
            ,      
                
 
       
          
      ,    '     
  
   
:            ( )      
         , 
         